ABSTRACT
Targeted therapies of breast cancer offer a possibility of effective and individualized therapy based on the molecular profile of the tumor.Currently there are three main types of targeted therapeutic drugs for breast cancer,the first category is the monoclonal antibody against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) including trastuzumab,pertuzumab,lapatinib,T-DM1.The second is targeting VEGF such as bevacizumab.The last one everolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors.A number of trials suggest that the addition of targeted therapy to chemotherapy or endocrine therapy significantly improved PFS and OS in patients with breast cancer.
ABSTRACT
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation,differentiation,and takes part in the process of gene expression and cell migration.The recent researches have shown that abnormal Wnt/β-catenin signal is closely related to the development of breast cancer and other tumors.Elucidation of the relationship between Wnt/β-catenin and breast cancer can help to reveal its mechanisms and provide a new insight into breast cancer prevention and treatment.Here,we summarize the latest advances about components and mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in breast cancer as below.
ABSTRACT
DNA methylation is one of the most important epigenetic mechanism and molecular biological basis in tumor suppressor gene silencing.It is now well recognized that solid malignant tumors can release a significant amount of genomic DNA into systemic circulation,and with more than 90％ of this total circulating cell-free DNA derived from tumor tissue,which can reflect the overall cell heterogeneity of the tumor itself.In breast cancer,the presence of abnormally high DNA concentrations in plasma has been reported,and changes in the levels of these circulating DNA associated with tumor burden and progression have been confirmed repeatedly.Accumulating data strongly suggested that DNA methylation patterns found in circulating cell free DNA were similarly with the primary tumor,and could be a useful biomarker in early diagnosis,prognosis assessment,and recurrence monitoring for breast cancer patients.Here,we summarize the latest advances in this research field.
ABSTRACT
Long non-coding RNAs are RNA transcripts longer than 200 nt without any function of coding protein,and gradually become a new focus of cancer research because of their important roles in regulating genes expression at the epigenetic,transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.Recently,more researches show that are closely related to the occurrence of breast cancer and other tumors.Therefore,in this review,we summarize the developing understanding of LncRNAs associated with breast cancer.
ABSTRACT
AIM To establish innovational triangular phase diagrams for preparation of pharmaceutical microemulsion (ME) with low toxicity as a result of reducing the amount of the emulsifiers. METHODS Lecithin and polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (OP) were used as emulsifiers (E), absolute alcohol and n-octyl alcohol as assistant emulsifiers (A), ethyl oleate and olive oil as the oil phase (O). For the innovational triangular phase diagrams, lecithin-ethyl oleate-water and absolute alcohol (optimized ratio W/A=0.6)system, and OP(olive oil and n-octyl alcohol (O/A=0.34)-water system were used for preparation of the ME. While for the traditional triangular phase diagrams, OP and n-octyl alcohol (E/A=Km=1.5)-olive oil-water system, lecithin and absolute alcohol (E/A=Km=1.12)-ethyl oleate-water system were used. Then, the corresponding amounts of the emulsifiers used in both methods were compared. RESULTS In the ME of lecithin systems by the innovational and the traditional methods, the amounts of emulsifier are 6%-28% and 28%-29.6%, respectively. In the ME of OP systems by the innovational and the traditional methods, the amounts of emulsifier are 23%-40% and 27.6%-49.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION The method of innovational triangular phase diagram for preparation of ME is superior to the traditional method in finding out the lower amounts of emulsifiers for ME, and is a feasible method with guiding significance for preparing ME.